关于配方奶，每个父母都应该知道的 - 翻译中，（除翻译的妈妈之外）请勿跟

哈哈吼吼

Yet another contentious issue in the manufacture of infant formula involves the omission of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although most formula sold in the United States still lacks this ingredient, many other nations have now mandated that DHA be a ed to all commercial infant formula. DHA was recently discovered to be an important component in human breast milk, leading to optimal neurologic development. Several peer-reviewed medical studies have now revealed that formula feeding is consistently associated with learning deficiencies later in childhood.
另一种关于婴儿配方奶生产商的争议是他们对二十二碳六烯酸( DHA)的忽视。尽管大多数美国销售的配方奶依然缺乏这种营养成分，很多其他国家现在已经规定DHA必须加入所有的商业婴儿配方奶中。DHA是最近在人类母乳中发现的重要元素，它是最理想的帮助神经系统发育的物质。一些同行评审的医学研究揭示，配方奶粉的喂养密切关系到儿童今后生活中的学习缺陷。

用温柔对抗强者

Researchers have demonstrated that, even after adjusting for socioeconomic and educational differences among parents, children who were not breastfed as infants experience significantly lower test scores on several measures of cognitive ability, including the Denver Development Screening Test, and the Bayley Mental Development Index. One 1994 study reported in DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY showed some aspects of intellectual attainment at five and ten years of age to be inferior among children who were formula-fed compared with those who were exclusively breastfed for at least three months. In another 1988 study, test scores were directly correlated with duration of breastfeeding; the more months a child was breastfed, the higher she scored on the test.
研究人员已经证明，即使调整了父母亲们的社会经济水平和教育水平差别，没有经过母乳喂养的儿童在一些认识能力的测试中明显得分较低。这些测试包括丹佛选拔考试以及Bayley 智力开发测试。1994年的《医学发展和儿童神经病学》中研究报道显示，5-10岁的配方奶喂养的儿童在智力造诣的某些方面低于那些至少母乳喂养3个月的孩子。1988年的另一项研究表明，考试成绩直接与母乳喂养时间长短相关，母乳喂养时间更长的孩子在考试中可以取得更高的分数。

长林亲爷

One of the least publicized risks of infant formula is inescapably inherent in the consumption of any commercially prepared and mass-marketed food product: between 1982 and 1994 alone, there were twenty-two significant recalls of infant formula in the United States due to health and safety problems. At least seven of these recalls were classified by the FDA as "Class I," meaning the problem could be life threatening. In several instances, random lots of lab-tested infant formula have been found to contain bacterial and elemental contaminants that, while a risk to infant health, do not rise to the level of threat considered appropriate for a widespread recall by the FDA. In February of 1995, FDA special agents uncovered a successful criminal scheme in California in which thousands of cans of substandard infant formula had been improperly labeled for resale. No one knows how many infants received this counterfeit product in their bottles.
关于婴儿配方奶，极少被公开的风险之一就是：它与任何批量制造的商业化食品共同拥有的不可避免的内在特性。仅1982年到1994年之间，在美国就有22次因为健康和安全的原因造成的婴儿配方奶的重大召回事件。其中至少有7次被FDA定义为“一级”事件，这就意味着所发生的问题可能会危协到生命。还有一些案例，有些婴儿配方奶在进行检验的过程上发现含有可能危害婴儿健康的细菌和微量元素污染物，但并没有严重到需要FDA发出召回的程度。1995年2月，FDA特殊发言人揭露了加州的一起成功的犯罪计划，在这个计划中，成千上万罐的 婴儿配方奶更换标签后重新进入市场。没有人知道究竟有多少婴儿因此而受害。

山那边的人

Many consumers are under the mistaken impression that the FDA closely and carefully monitors infant formula, perhaps more scrupulously than other foods, since infant-consumers are particularly vulnerable by virtue of their age and total dependence on this one product. In fact, the FDA sets forth only minimal standards regarding the production and sale of synthetic milks. The mandated nutrient requirements for formula are contained in the outdated Infant Formula Act of 1980, which the U.S. Congress passed in reaction to a formula-manufacturing error that flooded the market with chloride-deficient formula. Today, manufacturers are required simply to include an insignificant number of mandated ingredients and to list them on the package.
许多消费者误以为FDA在密切地认真地监督着婴儿配方奶的制造，也许比对其它食品更加严格，考虑到婴儿作为消费者是非常脆弱的，由于他们的年龄和对这一食品的完全依赖性。事实上，FDA对于合成牛奶的制造和销售，只做了最少的规定。配方奶的强制性营养需求包含在已经过时的1980年的婴儿配方奶条例，这个条例是因为当时配方奶制造出现了失误，造成市场上充斥着 物不足的配方奶而出台的。今天，制造商们仅被要求配方中包含一些强制性成份，并且需要将这些成份列在包装上。

专业训猴员

News of any real health risks associated with modern formulas surprises most Americans, whose only point of reference on the subject is often the well-publicized Nestle Boycott of the 1970s and '80s. Many Americans recall seeing the photos of severely malnourished "bottle babies" from va****s third-world nations as consumer-advocacy groups libaed citizens for the first time to the marketing practices being employed in the third world by major infant-formula corporations.
现实生活中，任何与现代配方奶相关的健康风险的消息，都会令大部分美国人吃惊的，他们比较熟悉的是70年代和80年代曝光的雀巢事件。许多美国人还能够回忆起当时看见那些严重营养不良的来自各个第三世界国家的婴儿的照片时的情形。当时消费者拥护团体第一次警告那些被主要的婴儿配方奶制造商雇佣在第三世界的美国公民。

天木哥

Physicians and other health-care providers in the developing world were influenced by formula manufacturers to steer patients away from breastfeeding and toward a particular brand of synthetic infant nutrition. Age-old cultural norms of exclusive and e ended breastfeeding were disrupted as huge advertising campaigns convinced women that commercial infant-formula was the "modern, sterile, western" way to feed babies. New mothers were lured into giving birth in hospitals funded by infant formula manufacturers. There, these women were encouraged to offer bottles of artificial breast milk substitutes--a practice proven to disrupt breastfeeding.
发展中国家的医生和其它医护人员受到配方奶制造商的影响，误导病人放弃母乳喂养而选择某一特定品牌的合成婴儿营养品。

为共产主义奋斗终身

Mothers and babies were then sent home with a small "free" supply of infant formula. By the time the supply ran out, baby was refusing the breast, mother's own milk supply was diminished, and the typical, impoverished family was unable to pay for any more infant formula. These practices, combined with an unsanitary water supply, lack of sterilization and refrigeration facilities, and poor access to medical care, conspired to kill millions of Third-World babies each year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

李智明

That is why, in 1977, a world-wide boycott was launched against Nestle Corporation, determined to be the most egregiously unethical actor in this sad drama. Consumers all over the world stopped purchasing Nestle products, and WHO convened a meeting to discuss what could be done to influence corporations marketing breast milk substitutes in the Third World. At the time, the acting World Health Director stated, "In my opinion, the campaign against bottle-feed advertising is unbelievably more important than the fight against smoking advertisements."

伊犁梦

WHO subsequently drafted the International Code on the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes. The Code's main points called for no sales promotion to the public of products used as breast milk substitutes, and distribution of factual, ethical information to parents by health care workers. While the rest of the world signed onto the Code in the early 1980s, the United States withheld its support until the Clinton administration voiced its approval in 1994. Public-health and consumer activists have charged that Nestle and other corporations continue to violate the Code. According to WHO and UNICEF, between one and two million infants around the world still lose their lives each year due to artificial feeding. That is why, after a brief hiatus, the Nestle Boycott was relaunched in 1988 and continues to this day.

百川海参

While American parents of the '90s may find information about bottle-feeding in the Third World interesting, most consider it irrelevant to their own infant-feeding choices, and believe that differing health outcomes between breastfed and artificially fed infants are minimized, if not negated, when the artificial breast milk substitute is a modern, commercially available product, regulated by the government and prepared in a sanitary fashion. Although it is estimated that the risk of death from diarrhea in less-developed nations is twenty-five times greater for bottle-fed infants than for breastfed ones, artificial feeding methods still carry significant health risks in the United States. Naomi Bau ag, M.D., MPH, and Dia Michels note in their book, MILK, MONEY AND MADNESS (Bergin and Garvey, 1995): "Even where bacterial contamination can be minimized, the risks of bottle-feeding are not inconsequential. Bottle-fed infants raised by educated women in clean environments, to this day, have significantly greater rates of illness and even death... In a study that analyzed hospitalization patterns for a homogeneous, mi le-class, white American population, bottle-fed infants were fourteen times more likely to be hospitalized than breastfed infants."