关于配方奶，每个父母都应该知道的 - 翻译中，（除翻译的妈妈之外）请勿跟

禾乃

重要提示：
本帖内容可以直接将全文转载到“十月怀胎”版块，但不建议转载到“初为父母”。因为那边同时有人工喂养的妈妈们，有可能让她们感觉不舒服，引起无谓的争吵。
如果“初为”里有帖子需要，可以用链接的形式。

What Every Parent Should Know About Infant Formula
关于配方奶，每个父母都应该知道的……
by Katie Allison Granju
By now, every doctor and parent in America has heard the news: breastfeeding is best for babies. What's not-so-old news is the growing body of evidence demonstrating that commercial infant formulas are simply not good enough. While commercial infant formulas are commonly perceived to be the medically recommended second-choice infant food after breastfeeding, the World Health Organization (WHO) actually states: "The second choice is the mother's own milk expressed and given to the infant in some way. The third choice is the milk of another human mother. The fourth and last choice is artificial baby milk."
现如今，美国的每一个医生和父母都知道：母乳最好。同时另一个老生常谈的话题是：有大量的证据表明，商业化的婴儿配方奶并不如他们所宣传的那样好。然而，商业化的婴儿配方奶通常被认为是在医学上被推荐为母乳以外婴儿食品的第二选择。实际上，世界卫生组织（WHO）阐明：婴儿食品的第二选择是妈妈吸出来的母乳，用某种方式喂给婴儿。第三选择是其它妈妈的母乳。第四选择，也是最后的选择，才是配方奶。

小注：最后这一段WHO的阐述，我一直在找出自哪篇文章，终于找到了。

   

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美儿娘

The quality of infant formula is of paramount importance in the United States--where, despite the American Academy of Pediatrics' endorsement of breastfeeding for a minimum of twelve months and WHO's recommendations to breastfeed for at least two years--only slightly more than half of all mothers offer their newborns any breast milk at all. Fewer than twenty-two percent of American babies are still breastfed at five months of age, and this figure drops to under ten percent by twelve months. These statistics mean that the vast majority of American babies rely solely on the synthetic infant nutrition known as infant formula for their critical first year of life.
在美国,婴儿配方奶的质量是至关重要的. 尽管美国小儿科学会建议母乳喂养至少12个月，而世界卫生组织建议母乳喂养至少到孩子2岁，只有一半多一点的美 亲给予他们的新生儿母乳喂养，22%以下的美国儿童在5个月大的时候仍能吃到母乳。而且这个数字在12个月大的儿童中还要下降10个百分点。这些统计数据表明，大部分美国儿童在他们成长至关重要的第一年，单纯依赖代用婴儿营养剂即婴儿配方奶粉.
jingjing_fish

酷冰

Minority and disadvantaged children are most likely to be fed a diet of artificial breast milk substitutes. The United States government's food program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) serves the nutritional needs of low-income women and children, and is the single greatest purchaser of commercial infant formula. WIC provides free infant formula to thirty-seven percent of all infants born in the United States at a cost of almost $600 million annually.
未成年且没有得到适当照顾的儿童是被用人造的母乳代用品养大的。美国政府对有营养需求的低收入妇女，婴儿，儿童（WIC）的食品项目是最大商业婴儿配方奶的购买者。WIC向37%的美国出生的婴儿提供免费的婴儿配方奶粉，这个计划每年要花费美国政府6亿美元。
jingjing_fish

齐天大神叨奶爸

With so many American babies--particularly those at socioeconomic risk--relying on this single food source for their growth and nutritional well-being, it is incumbent upon those concerned with infant-maternal health issues to examine breast milk substitutes carefully and critically. Unfortunately, many health-care professionals and public-health officials avoid scrutinizing the production and marketing of commercial infant formula in the United States under the mistaken assumption that providing consumers with all the facts on synthetic infant nutrition will cause bottle-feeding mothers to feel guilty for not breastfeeding. In fact, this unwillingness to explore the safety and nutritional competency of infant formulas retards consumer pressure for better quality product. Marsha Walker, R.N., International Board Certified Lactation Consultant, and recognized expert on infant-nutrition, wrote in a September, 1993 issue of THE JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION, "This paternalistic view seeks to protect women from making 'poor' choices for themselves and their infant, and robs parents of the right to informed decision making. Withholding information generates more anger than guilt in parents . . . "
有那么多美国婴孩，尤其是那些具有社会性危险的婴儿，单纯依靠此食物为他们的成长和营养的来源，这样严格仔细地检验母乳替代品成了关系到母婴健康问题首要任务。 不幸的是，许多医疗保健专家和公众健康官员在并没有仔细审查商业婴儿配方奶粉在美国的生产和营销，并错误的认为，提供所有这些婴儿合成营养品会使人工喂养的母亲因为不能母乳喂养而有犯罪感。实际上，这些对婴儿配方奶粉安全性和营养性检查的不情愿，将消费者对更好质量产品的需求压力不断降低。国际母乳顾问委员会成员，婴儿营养学界专家，（注册护士-不确定）Marsha Walker 在1993年9月出版的人类哺乳杂志中写道：“这种家长式的观点寻求将女性和他们的婴儿从“恶劣”的选择中保护起来，并剥夺父母亲们做决定的权力。封闭信息比犯罪更能引起父母亲们的愤怒。。。。。。”
jingjing_fish

缘不由己随缘

Formula manufacturers aggressively promote the idea that today's "highly-scientific" breast milk substitutes have been "specially formulated" to be "like breast milk." One leading manufacturer's advertising campaign even equates its product to a "miracle." Yet, common commercial representations fail to reveal the rest of the story: researchers are increasingly convinced that despite advances, infant formulas cannot now or ever accurately imitate human breast milk. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), pediatric-nutrition researchers at Abbott Laboratories, one of the largest manufacturers of commercial infant formula, recently conceded that creating infant formula to parallel human milk is "impossible." These scientists, writing in the March, 1994 issue of ENDOCRINE REGULATIONS, state, "[It is] increasingly apparent that infant formula can never duplicate human milk. Human milk contains living cells, hormones, active enzymes, immunoglobulins and compounds with unique structures that cannot be replicated in infant formula."
配方奶生产商积极推广一种观点，现在高科技的母乳代用品正在配比得接近母乳。一个主导地位的厂商甚至在广告中将自己的产品等同于一种奇迹。当然普通的商业表现手法无法揭示以下事实：研究人员们正不断证明，尽管婴儿配方奶有诸多好处，但是它现在或者永远无法复制人类母乳。 根据美国食品药品管理署的在雅培（最大的商业婴儿配方奶粉生产商之一）实验室儿童营养研究人员最近承认，制造等同于母乳的婴儿配方奶是“不可能的”。这些科学家在1994年3月出版的美国激素管理条例中写道：事实不断表明，婴儿配方奶永远无法复制人类母乳，母乳中存在的活性因子，荷尔蒙，活性消化酶，免疫球蛋白以及他们独特的结构在婴儿奶粉中是无法复制的。
jingjing_fish

宋泽鹏

Some infant-health advocates advise a move away from formulas based on ingredients such as cow's milk and soybeans--undoubtedly chosen for their agricultural abundance and low cost--and call for the development of formulas based on milk closer in composition to our own. Indeed, some researchers are asking why infant formula cannot be prepared on a base of human milk.
一些婴儿健康拥护者建议基于牛奶和豆奶（无疑选择牛奶和豆奶的原因是它们产量丰裕，成本低下）的成分应该远离配方奶粉，并且呼吁将配方奶开发得更加接近人类母乳。事实上一些研究人员提出，为什么配方奶不能用人类母乳作为原料。
jingjing_fish

万信卫浴

In the meantime, commercial infant formulas are not only distant in composition from human milk, but various brands of synthetic milks aren't even comparable to one another. Contrary to what the name implies, there is no fixed "formula" for commercial synthetic milk. Content and quantities of nutrients vary widely between brands and types of formula (soy, cow's milk, and meat-based). According to formula manufacturers, a pediatrician should recommend an appropriate brand and type of formula for each particular baby--advice implying that each baby's nutritional needs are unique and that physicians can recognize these special needs upon examination and select a formula accordingly. This is, of course, neither accurate nor possible.
与此同时，商业婴儿配方奶不仅不能跟人类母乳比较，不同品牌之间也无法相互比较。与其名称相反的是，并商业合成奶品并没有一个固定的配方。其中的营养成分和质量在不同品牌的配方奶以及不同原料（大豆，牛奶，肉制品）的配方奶之间都是相差甚远。配方奶生产商说，儿科医生对每个不同的婴儿推荐不同品牌和种类的配方奶。这种建议是因为每个孩子的营养需求是独特的，医生可以通过检查识别这种特别的需求并据此挑选一种配方奶。这种建议既不精确也不可行。
jingjing_fish

美儿娘

Compositional variance between formulas persists because manufacturers must attempt to simulate a product for which they do not have the recipe - a fact FDA officials recognize in their recent statement that ". . . . the exact chemical makeup of breast milk is still unknown." As Marsha Walker notes, "Formula-fed infants depend on products which can be quite different from each other, but which are continually being found deficient in essential nutrients . . . These nutrients are then a ed, usually after damage has occurred in infants or overwhelming market pressure forces the issue."
不同配方奶粉的配方多样性是由于生产上试图去模仿一件他们没有配方的产品。FDA 官员在他们最近的一项声明中承认一项事实：“。。。母乳的确切化学成分至今无法确定。” 如Masha Walker 所说：“配方奶喂养的婴儿所用的各种产品是全然不同的，然而，依然有很多基础的营养成分缺失。。。通常只有在婴儿伤害事故发生或不可阻挡后，市场才会去要求将这些营养添加进去。
jingjing_fish

既生亮何生俞

Iron fortification serves as a startling example of this ongoing experimentation on infant consumers. Today's breast milk substitutes are designated as either iron-fortified or low-iron. However, William J. Klish, M.D., chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition (the body which recommends formula-nutrient requirements to the FDA) states: "There should not be a low-iron formula on the market for the average child because a low-iron formula is nutritionally deficient."
铁的强化就是一项正在进行的婴儿食品消费者的实验中得出的惊人的实例。如今，母乳代用品被设计成铁强化和低铁含量的。尽管美国儿科学会营养委员会的主席，医学博士William J. Klish指出：“市场上不应该存在低铁含量奶粉存在，因为对普通儿童来说，低铁含量的配方奶是营养上有缺失的。
jingjing_fish

村村

The Food and Drug Administration, which allows the mass marketing of low-iron formulas, states that "researchers continue to try to determine the best amount of iron for infant formula. While low iron formulas don't supply enough iron, the best amount of iron for formulas has not been established." Dr. Klish verifies that the medical community "did not have much data at the time the regulations [which are still in effect today] were written for different intake levels of iron." Studies are now underway to determine how much iron should be included in a can of infant formula. Meanwhile, commercial formulas can offer no real assurances that bottle-fed babies are receiving the proper amount of this vital nutrient. The late Dr. Derrick Jelliffe was quoted in a 1980 interview with the WALL STREET JOURNAL as saying, "Hindsight shows the story of formula production to be a succession of errors. Each stumble is dealt with and heralded as yet another breakthrough, leading to further imbalances and then more modifications."
食品药品管理局至今依然允许众多低铁含量的配方奶存在于市场上，他们指出，研究人员仍然在试图确定婴儿配方奶粉中最佳铁含量。尽管低铁含量的配方奶粉无法提供足够的铁，最佳铁质含量的配方依然没有建立。
Klish医生认为，医学社会“一时间（甚至现在）依然不能提供足够的数据来规定出铁摄入的程度。”对于一听婴儿配方奶粉究竟应该加入多少铁的研究现在依然在进行中。然而，商业配方奶并不能确保人工喂养的婴儿能够获取适当量的铁元素。已故的Derrick Jelliffe医生在1980年华尔街日报的访问中说道，“事后的认识表明，配方奶粉的生产是一场连续的错误。每一次失败，都被处理并称之为另一次突破，引发出更多的失调和更多的修正。”
jingjing_fish